Philosophies that Separate Two Worlds

Chinese philosophy embraces a holistic perspective, viewing the world as an integrated whole rather than disparate fragments. It posits that despite the existence of contradictions, harmony prevails, with seemingly opposite elements interconnected, interdependent and complementing each other. Humanity is perceived not as isolated individuals but as a collective, wherein success hinges on collaborative efforts. Central to this worldview is the pursuit of unity, balance and harmony, eschewing conflict escalation and adversary elimination (see Understanding China: Yellow River and the Character of the Chinese Nation).

Rooted in collectivist humanism, Chinese philosophy prioritizes the well-being of humanity and society as a whole over individual concerns, and values social harmony grounded in public morality. In this context, human rights extend beyond personal entitlements to include the collective welfare, emphasizing peaceful coexistence and a secure living condition for all, free from injustice, inequality, exploitation, and crime. Chinese law protects personal freedoms within legal boundaries, including the right to pursue wealth, while placing restrictions on special interests to safeguard the interests of all people (see Understanding China: Geography, Confucianism, and Chinese-Style Modernization).

Economically, China advocates for common prosperity through a mixed model combining state-owned enterprises, private businesses, and market mechanisms. This system harnesses individual initiative while balancing the interests of both the successful and the general population, blending market-driven growth with social equality. The state maintains oversight of capital to ensure it does not infringe on broader societal well-being.

Politically, China's system emphasizes the role of the state in fostering unity, managing differences, protecting the vulnerable, providing infrastructure, and promoting the common good. It champions national unity and democratic centralism, rejecting decentralization and partisanship. China's democracy is described as a "people's democracy," focusing on building consensus through consultation (as opposed to Western electoral democracy, focusing on divisive partisan competition), and "whole-process democracy," ensuring people's participation from policymaking to implementation. All decisions related to people's livelihood are made through careful investigation and deliberation with the public, and are implemented under the supervision of the people. By avoiding partisan strife, Chinese politics operates without catering to special interests, aiming to build an egalitarian and harmonious society and guide the people toward shared prosperity and happiness.

In international relations, China adheres to five guiding principles: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. It advocates for international cooperation, peaceful development, global common prosperity, and the creation of a community with a shared future for humanity.

By contrast, Western thought is grounded in atomism, which deconstructs the world into discrete, competing entities. Western individualism views humans as independent actors with conflicting self-interest, subscribing to the Darwinian concepts of the "struggle for existence" and "survival of the fittest" that embrace a "law of the jungle" mentality, wherein suppressing or eliminating opponents is seen as essential for self-preservation (see Darwinism and Confucianism). Western culture emphasizes self-reliance, individual achievement, and personal success. People often focus more on their own needs and strategies than on moral considerations and collective well-being. The Western human rights rhetoric is highly deceptive. While ostensibly promoting universal freedom, it in fact only serves a privileged minority, enabling them to exploit competitive advantages to defeat the disadvantaged majority, thereby controlling legislation, the economy, media, military affairs, and foreign policy to benefit themselves. The result is that the rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and for most people, freedom has become an illusion (see The Freedom in Tango).

Economically, Western ideology champions self-interest, private ownership, capitalism, and competition. While this neoliberal approach, driven entirely by market forces, may spur initial economic growth, it fosters unchecked greed, inequality and social injustice, allows capital to dominate national interests to serve only the privileged few at the expense of broader society, ultimately hollowing out the economy and triggering systemic failures (see America Is in Big Trouble).

Politically, Western elites employ Machiavellian tactics and engage in partisan fights, fostering social fragmentation, division, conflicts and polarization. Western democracy is merely a formal form of democracy, driven by partisan interests, sensationalism, empty promises and ideological nonsense. Politicians funded by special interests work primarily for their donors rather than for the people, leaving the average voter with little influence on what matters to them other than casting a ballot every few years. (See Democracy vs. Plutocracy.)

In international affairs, Western elites adhere to hegemonic thinking, adopt the geopolitical strategy of divide and conquer, provoke regional conflicts, engage in cliques and camp confrontations, impose unilateral sanctions, incite color revolution, and waging wars. These approaches disrupt global equilibrium, and sow turmoil worldwide. The success of the West historically hinges on the conquest, colonization, genocide, exploitation, and plunder of weaker nations.

For a long time, the Chinese struggled to comprehend Western behaviors, yet they have now come to understand its underlying logic. Unless Western plutocrats alter their philosophical outlook, global peace remains elusive. This sentiment was succinctly expressed by the Chinese delegation during the Sino-US talks in Alaska: "We overestimated you and assumed you would adhere to basic diplomatic norms. We must clarify our stance: You lack the authority to assert dominance over China." Despite the potential dangers inherent in this worldview, Western plutocrats are unlikely to relinquish it. It may require the collapse of the existing paradigm before humanity can aspire to construct a new world.

Fortunately, which of the philosophies can lead to a brighter future for mankind is becoming increasingly evident. Humanity is amidst unprecedented global transformations. The ascent of China and the decline of the West have given countries in the Global South new hope, allowing them to glimpse a possible new world order characterized by civilized values, peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, equality, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation, in contrast to the current landscape dominated by self-interest, inequality, bullying, exploitation, aggression and war (see Pluralism vs. Monism).