The Freedom in Tango

The freedom in tango is not that of the part in a lower sense, but that of the whole in a higher sense. 

In our society, many people think of freedom as such: Every human being is an independent individual with certain unalienable rights conferred to him/her by the Creator, among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Since happiness is the motivation of each individual person, competing with others for self-interests is justifiable from one's own perspective. The purpose of government is to protect such personal interests and to secure everyone's rights to pursue self-interests and to compete with others. Education is designed to empower individuals so that they may succeed in the competition, concerning little about the interests of people as a whole and the cooperation among people. Economics aims at stimulating growth by promoting competition and consumption, disregarding that the natural resources are shared by all people and need to be exploited wisely and utilized prudently, the cooperation among people, and the fair distribution of wealth, etc. Politicians are more concerned about the special interests that they represent than environmental protection, ecological balance, rational use of natural resources, fair distribution of wealth, social harmony, public good, and other things relating to the common interests of all people. 

This civilization, based on self-interests, competition, predatory development, and irrational consumption, is facing grave crisis. On the one hand is the unchecked greed, on the other is the depleting natural resources. On the one hand is the extravagant lifestyle and tremendous waste, on the other is the deteriorating environment. On the one hand is the surge in GDP, on the other is the increasing inequality. On the one hand is the exorbitant wealth of a few, on the other is the struggles of many, etc. Obviously, the theoretical foundation of our civilization has serious flaws. It created only a tiny minority of winners but a vast majority of losers. It does not give enough consideration on coexistence, equality, fairness, cooperation, and sharing. (See Tango Is the Search of a Dream.)

The Declaration of Independence states, "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, - That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." 

It seems to me that we need to take a long hard look at these words. Do we understand their meaning truthfully? Should we decide to change the foundation upon which our society was meant to be built by the Constitution? Because it turns out, the individualistic interpretation has not brought, nor will it bring the safety and happiness that most people are seeking for. (See Tango and the Outlook on Life.)

When tango was imported, few Americans realized that a new idea was introduced. In contrast to individualism, tango does not see man as an independent individual, but as a part of the whole in an interdependent, cooperative and complementary relationship with others. Without the latter the former is not complete regardless of how important he/she is from his/her own perspective. In tango, the dancers can only perform well when they cooperate with each other, and only in such cooperation can each individual person enjoy the maximum joy. The success, therefore, is not that of any single individual alone, but that of the team as a whole. The two partners are not in a relationship of competition, control, power struggle or taking advantage of each other, but that of love, submission, collaboration and complement. Resting in his arms, surrendering to him, feeling his masculine strength, following his lead without worry, savoring his attention, enjoying his protection, sharing his emotions and creativity, moving rhythmically with him in harmony, and letting her femininity display to meet and attract him, these to the woman mean security, pleasure, and realization of her value as a woman. On the other hand, being with her, winning her trust, enjoying her femininity, affection, obedience and seduction, feeling her soft body twisting in his arms, pampering her, protecting her and displaying her feminine beauty, these to the man mean comfort, pleasure, and realization of his value as a man. Tango brings men and women back to their original state, where the two sexes are in a destined fellowship, where there are no calculations of gains and losses, no exchanges of money and power, no worldly concerns, no self-interests involved, only the simple joy and satisfaction of being together, and where all Cinderellas and Quasimodos enjoy the treatment and freedom of a royalty. 

Happiness is an inner harmony and contentment. (See The Psychology of Tango and The Conceptional Beauty of Tango.) Individualism, materialism, competition, and power struggle are destructive of that end. What is regarded as virtuous in tango is love, intimacy, mutual submission and cooperation. Although tango does not involve economic activities and wealth distributions, as an action of cooperation its joy is shared. This principle can be extended to other aspects of life as well. What is not based on self-interests does not submit to the control of the invisible hand of capital and greed. We can logically infer that wealth can be distributed fairly to allow all who participated in its creation to share, rather than being hogged by a few. Just like the victory of a sport team is resulted from the cooperation of all the players, so the honor is given to all team members rather than just the ones who scored. Shareholding, therefore, seems to be a better way of distribution than minimum wages.

How we see ourselves decides how we organize our political, economic, social and cultural lives. Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains." We created our own chains. We must also be unchained by ourselves. Unfortunately, our civilization has not yet evolved to that stage, I am afraid, as evidenced again by the recent report on tortures, etc. To be a free people, we must first understand what that means. (See Tango and Equality.) There is still a long way before we truly gain freedom - the freedom that is stated in the Declaration of Independence. I can only hope that tango will help to gear up that process. (See The World Needs a Different Philosophy.)

The World Needs a Different Philosophy

Tango, as a drop in the ocean of human civilization, both reveals its beauty and reflects its pollution. The problems in our tango today in fact are not the problems of tango alone, but those our civilization is facing in modern times as well.

Just like how we understand tango affects how we dance it, how we perceive ourselves affects how we behave and live. In the course of human evolution of the past millions of years, mankind have gradually separated ourselves from the beast. The distinction between man and animals can be summed up in one word: humanity. Our understanding of humanity has reached maturity in the Renaissance of 14th–17th centuries. Contrast to the twisted and demeaned image of man in the contemporary art, his beauty, dignity and nobility were the dominant themes of the Renaissance. The consequent sublimation of human spirit formed a powerful force, which eventually led to the rejection of all forms of bondage, oppression and violation of human liberty, the establishment of democracy, the discharge of human creativity, the increase of human production, the advancement of science and technology, and the prosperity of modern civilization.

In this process, however, mankind has alienated itself also. We left footprints in every corner of the Earth. Farmlands replaced forests, cities replaced farmlands, pollution replaced purity, materialism replaced idealism, extravagance replaced simplicity, competition replaced cooperation, stress replaced enjoyment, individualism replaced fraternity, self-interests replaced general interests, personal rights replaced common cause, monopoly replaced sharing, polarization replaced equality, legalism replaced common sense, pragmatism replaced integrity, corruption replaced uprightness, sex liberation replaced marriage, single parent family and gay family replaced traditional family, games replaced classics, artificiality replaced natural production, machine replaced people... Modernization has led mankind farther and farther away from nature and humanity. The environment is deteriorating. The resources are depleting. The morality is decaying. Individual persons, genders, races, special interests, political parties and nation states are infighting with each other for self-gains. It seems that human liberty, the very thing that has led mankind to prosperity, is leading us to self-destruction. (See Tango Is the Search of a Dream.)

Someday, ideas like returning to nature, conservation, environmentalism, humanism, solidarity, teamwork, cooperation, harmony, fraternity, equality, coexistence, sharing, agreement, moderation, etc., will replace ideas like individualism, feminism, extremism, competition, acquisition, aggression, power politics, conquest, expansion, winning, success, etc., to become the consensus of most people, I hope. But by then it may be too late.

The world needs a different philosophy, not the narrow-minded and unbalanced doctrines like individualism, feminism, pragmatism, capitalism, materialism, etc., but an idealism that can lead mankind to integrity, nobility, magnanimity, cooperation and harmony. Hopefully, tango will play a positive role in the return of humanity, because it embodies the values that make us human. (See  The Spirit of Tango and The Freedom in Tango.)

Boston Tango Marathon

Except in few large cities, most tango communities in the US are still quite small. Tango enthusiasts often travel long distance to big tango festivals around the country to dance tango. But that could be quite expensive. Festival pass is $250 to $1000 per person. Private lesson is $100 to $300 an hour. Round trip by air is $250 to $500 per ticket. Hotel room for four nights is $600. Rental car and gas add another $250. Plus other costs such as parking, toll and food. A couple could easily spend two to three thousand dollars for a single trip, enough to travel to Buenos Aires for few weeks.

That is why now I do not go to big tango festivals as often as I used to when I was single. Instead, I go to smaller events within few hours of driving. I still go to some big tango festivals, but only attend their milongas and skip the lessons to save time and money. Many seasoned dancers do the same.

In recent years, tango marathons have replaced tango festivals to be my favorite form of event because in which I can focus entirely on dancing. Unlike a tango festival, a tango marathon does not provide lessons, thus saves the organizers the trouble to find instructors and the money to hire them. As a result, the cost of a tango marathon is much lower than that of a tango festival. Without professional instructors, there is no display of fancy performance, which only cause confusions to the beginners. (See Social Tango and Performance Tango.) With fewer novices, the size of a tango marathon is smaller and the floor is less crowded. Most participants are experienced dancers, thus the level of dance is higher, milonga codes are more closely observed, and the atmosphere is more cohesive. It has everything that suits me better than a tango festival.

Two weeks ago, I attended the Boston Tango Marathon. Although this was only their second year, thanks to the organizer Alla Lakov, Peter Simoneau, and fifty volunteers of the Boston tango community, it went very well. The marathon pass was only $100, which covered 40 hours of dancing in three days plus free meals, refreshments, drinks and an ice cream party. Obviously, making money was not the priority and efforts were made to provide the dancers with a wonderful time. Best of all, there was a refreshing theme in this marathon: friendship. The theme was emphasized again and again during the marathon. Every time when Alla and Peter asked the audience what was the theme of the marathon, the audience replied with one voice, "Friendship." And it worked!

I appreciate such efforts to make the event a warm and friendly experience for all, especially here in the US where attentions are often paid only to the dance and not enough to the culture or human side of the dance. In Buenos Aires, however, the reversal is true. It is regarded as their duty to promote a friendly culture by the organizers of BA milongas, where guests are cordially greeted at the door, seats are meticulously arranged to facilitate the cabeceo, tables are covered with pressed clean clothes, food and drinks are served to the table, milonga codes are observed, and conducts are addressed if violations occur. While in the US the break time is the announcement time, in Buenos Aires it is often the time for tango education. In the BA milongas, participants are advised to follow the milonga codes. Bad apples are even advised to leave on some occasions. Once I saw two children were brought to the dance floor, a committee of milongueros quickly discussed the matter, and the parents were politely advised to take the children out of the floor. I am sure everyone visited Buenos Aires know stories like this. Richard Miller mentioned in his blog a post that he saw at the Milonga Cachirulo, which reads:

“Welcome to the best milonga in Buenos Aires. Tanguero friends, please pay attention.

    • Here we dance milonguero style tango, and we learn to respect the codes of the milonga.

    • We dance with a warm, respectful and close embrace.

    • We follow the line of dance, in a counter-clockwise direction.

    • We try not to step backwards into the line of dance, always walking forward, as it should be.

    • We do not lift our feet too much from the floor; this way we avoid hitting other dancers.

    • We invite women to dance through the classic 'Cabeceo del caballero'.

    • Furthemore, and very important, respect is the first card we play in the game of the milonga.

Much to our regret, not respecting these codes will make it impossible to dance in Cachirulo.”

It is the collective efforts like these that made the BA milongas wonderful. I am glad to see that now the organizers in this country start to move in the same direction. Tango is a simple pleasure created by the dancers for themselves to enjoy. Its focus should be the connection and fellowship rather than steps and self display. (See Exhibition versus Fellowship.) It shouldn't cost an absurd amount of money to enjoy. A friendly culture governed by milonga codes must be introduced through education and good leadership. Now, thanks to Boston Tango Marathon, we have a good example.

Exhibition vs. Fellowship

Someone asks me to compare Euro-American tango and BA tango. Though a short essay cannot cover such a big topic, I am willing to make an observation from one perspective.

Those who see tango as a skill often think that once they mastered the skill, they mastered the dance. Such people often disrespect the culture, ignore the codes, pay no attention to the conducts, overlook the relationships, care little about other people's feelings, regard others as of no importance or rivals, are indifferent or even hostile to others, do not surrender themselves in the dance, and focus only on personal performance, etc. This kind of attitude is more visible in Europe and North America where there is a strong standing of individualism, which is incompatible with tango. (See Tango and Individualism.)

Tango is not a solo dance - it takes two to tango. Not only so, tango is not a show dance performed by a fixed couple only, but a social dance involving a large group of people. The majority of whom, like the immigrants who created the dance, come to the milonga to seek connection, friendship and love, consider tango as a refuge, home, or family. (See Why People Dance Tango.)

The highlight of tango, therefore, is not how stunning its steps are, but the connection, surrender, devotion, communication of feelings, and satisfaction from the same commitment that others paid in return. In that sense, tango, much like a church, is a fellowship. To enjoy tango, one needs not only to master the skills, but also be a part of a friendly, warm and intimate community, without which the skill alone is meaningless no matter how good it is.

For this reason, he/she who only dances exhibition tango with a fixed partner is not a tango dancer in the true sense. Unfortunately, this kind of career performers are often regarded by novices in Europe and North America as role models. Under their influence, many young people do not see tango as a fellowship, but a show or performance. Hence the alienation of tango. However, vanity cannot quench the thirst of the soul. Once mastered the skills, most people will continue their search for deeper meanings, moving away from exhibitionism and turning to more essential things. (See The Four Stages of Your Tango Journey.) This, I think, is what Euro-American tango still falls short from BA tango due to the self-centered ideologies such as individualism and feminism in our cultures.

The revival of tango, started in the mid 1980s, has been thirty years now. In these three decades, Euro-American tango has also grown. Technically speaking many tango centers in Europe and North America already show signs of readiness to keep up with BA tango now, and should and must start the fellowship building. This is not a one man's job, and will take the efforts of all dancers, teachers and organizers. How each and every dancer acts in the milonga, treats others, invites or accepts the invitation, dances, and so on, not only reflects his/her understanding of the dance, but also impacts the community. (See How You Dance Matters.) I hope next time we go to a milonga, we will all look around and remind ourselves: "I am a part of this community and we are all in tango together. I must contribute to make this home of us a warm and welcoming place for all." If we do so, I believe, our milonga will become more and more like the milongas in BA. (See 惜缘.)

The Psychology of Tango

One

The attraction between masculinity and femininity could be so strong to ignite passion and creativity that Freud believes art is a result of sexual sublimation. Although sexuality is not the only driving force of art, the theory seems to explain tango. As long as we do not view sexuality too vulgarly, its link with passion, romanticism, imagination, creativity and art is not difficult to understand. In fact, is it not true that all human activities are derived from the need for procreation and survival, thus lead to love, marriage, family, economy, development, politics, corruption, pollution, crime, war, and so on? Sexuality can lead to evil, it can also lead to good. The vulgar understanding of human sexuality has caused the distortion and rejection of tango in the past. Tango's popularity today witnesses the progress of human understanding. (See Artistic Sublimation and Vulgarism in Tango.)

Two

Tango is a dance of immigrants. It is created by immigrants. It expresses the feelings and serves the need of immigrants. (See Tango: Historical and Cultural Impactst.) Those who love tango are either immigrants, or people like immigrants who are homesick, lonely, and yearning for love.

Jeanette Winterson said, "I want to go anywhere that is filled with love. I want to be like a migratory salmon, relentlessly searching for the trace of love." Love and loneliness are really the same feeling. Without that understanding, one cannot truly appreciate tango.

You do not have to leave your country to be an immigrant. Students going to schools far away from home, college graduates just stepping into the society, migrant workers looking for jobs in big cities, entrepreneurs struggling alone to start a business, homeless people, wandering travelers, lonely singles, women who married a wrong man, powerless people bullied by the powerful. . . aren't they all immigrants? One can say that immigrant is the common status of most people. Ever since we came into the world, we became immigrants in search of the love and home in our dreams.

Thus, tango, known as a refuge, or home, came into being.

Three

"What is home? Home is not a house or place. It is the attachment, warm feelings and connection that we have in this vest mortal world. In absence of these even a mansion of a thousand rooms is but a cold building. Home is where our hearts belong, filled with affection and love." - Xiaomu

Xiaomu is talking about tango. Tango is not a form, but a feeling. Without affection and love, tango became a cold building.

But affection and love cannot be seen. People can only see the cold building.

Cancer patient Yu Juan wrote in her death bed: "When facing life and death, you realize that working overtime (long-term staying up late is suicidal), pushing yourself too hard, wanting to buy a new car or new house, these are all vanities. If you have time, spend it with your children, use the money saved for the new car to buy a pair of shoes for your parents, don't work overtime in order to move to a bigger house. Being with the loved ones is warm even live in a small apartment."

Yu Juan is also talking about tango. The most important thing in tango is not to impress others, but to enjoy your own feelings. Happiness is simple and artless, it belongs to yourself.

But happiness cannot be seen. People can only see what is impressive externally.

Four

Parents tell children, "This cake tastes better than that cake." But children do not believe, they want that which looks more colorful and tempting. After they have tried everything, they decided that the parents are right. So they tell their children. But their children do not believe, they still want that which looks more colorful and tempting.

Milongueros tell beginners, "Fancy steps are useless in the milongas." But beginners do not believe, they want to learn fancy steps. After they have studied all they can learn, they decided that the milongueros are right. So they tell their students. But their students do not believe, they still want to learn fancy steps.

Again and again, how many efforts of the mankind are wasted on pursuing the vanity?

"Happiness is actually a lot simpler than what we thought. The problem is, if we do not explore all the complexities and experience all the miserable, if we do not climb all the mountains and fall all the falls, we would not believe that happiness lies in that small piece of shade under the tree at the foot of that hill." - Liu Yu

Perhaps that is how we learn. But those who can set aside ego and listen to those who have tried before them may avoid many unnecessary troubles.

Five

Zhu Deyong said, "There are two ways of life: one is to follow the expectations of others; the other is to follow your own heart. The former might get a lot of applause from others, but not your own. No one would applaud for the latter perhaps, but you will surely applaud for yourself."

Tango is feelings, relationship, communication, oneness, harmony, comfort, love, fellowship, community, refuge, home, etc. The only thing that tango is not is performance. A performance is a pigment-added show, just like golden fritters deep-fried with recycled oil, made only for others to see. Have you ever seen anything that is made for others to see real? Tango is tango only when it is not a performance. 

Not that you cannot watch videos. But keep in mind that tango is not learned with the eye, it is learned with the heart, for it is the dance of love, and love can only be felt.

Six

The hearts have genders. There are men's heart. There are women's heart.

Men and women look for different things in tango. What is programmed in the DNA of the male is strength, which is why men are attracted to women, they need to be comforted by women. What is programmed in the DNA of the female is softness, which is why women are attracted to men, they need the sense of security. Masculinity and femininity attract each other, complement each other and bring out the best in each other. This is the law of the universe. 

Woman, you should make him feel comfortable, so that he may see where you are is his home.

Man, you should lead and protect her attentively, so that she can rely on you and feel secure.

Happiness is a feeling. The secret of tango lies not in aesthetics, but in psychology.

Seven

Li Ao said, "If you want to remember the beauty of the flower, leave before it fades. If you want to enjoy the taste of the wine, walk away before you get drunk. If you want to find lasting love, do not date forever."

It makes a lot of sense for tango to be short. It is only three minutes, so the aftertaste is endless.

"Perhaps the most beautiful love is that you love him and he loves you, but the two of you are not together." - Anonymous

Tango does not need to be long, or danced by those who are together. A poem entitled "The Kiss" wrote, "I ran up the door, opened the staircase, put on my prayer, said the pajama, turned off the bed, got into the light, all are because of the kiss you gave me, when you said goodbye." Many women left the milonga after a perfect tango, just to preserve that surprisingly wonderful feeling.

Tango is the art of feeling. It is created to feel.

In that feeling, many found a temporary home.

The Functions of Various Body Parts in Tango

Various body parts, including the head, the arms and hands, the torso, the hips, and the legs, play different roles in tango. Dancers need to understand the function of each body part and properly allocate the attention, so that they can use their body in a controlled and coordinate fashion in the dance. Incorrect use of the body parts is a common problem in tango.

The woman's head may rest on the man's temple, cheek, or chin in the embrace according to her height. It's fine if she chooses not to do so, but most women like that comfortable feeling. The touch of the head is a sign of intimacy, thus should be gentle without force. Some women use their head to prop against the man's head in order to avoid the chest contact. Beginners tend to draw support from the head when they are in action. Such practices reflect a misunderstanding of the function of the head. The touch of the head should be soft and gentle. Dancers need to dissociate the head from the body and not use it subconsciously in order to avoid chest contact, or to assist the movement, as which is uncomfortable.

The function of the arms and hands is more complex. Arms and hands can be used to hold each other tenderly to form a warm, intimate and comfortable embrace. They can also be used to support, protect and sooth the partner. These are the correct usages of the arms and hands. Arms and hands can also be used to convey intentions and to fight. Some people hence use them to coerce or resist the partner, wrestle with the partner, prop against the partner to avoid bodily contact, hold on the partner for stability, or grab the partner to assist the movement of the body. These are the misuses of the arms and hands. Beginners need to overcome the habit of using arms and hands. Tango is led and followed with the torso. Arms and hands should be used only to form a comfortable embrace, not as tools to lead and follow, or to maintain stability and assist the movement of the body, let alone to fight with each other as weapons. The touch of the arms and hands should be gentle and weightless. Dancers need to dissociate the arms and hands from the body and not use them to lead, follow, keep balance, and do steps.

The torso is the nerve center in tango. The dancers use their torsos to lead, follow, send signals, communicate feelings and bring on the movements of the hips and legs. The featured intimacy, comfort and oneness of tango is directly associated with the torso, which, unfortunately, is ignored by the action-oriented dancers who use an open dance hold to replace the embrace, putting the torso to petty use under the command of the arms and hands. As a result, the exhibitionist tango that they created becomes a totally different dance from the social tango that emphasizes the embrace and feelings. (See Social Tango and Performance Tango.)

In my previous post I quoted a young woman's insightful observation on tango. What she called the first layer technique, namely, to maintain a comfortable embrace, and the second layer technique, namely, to pursue visual beauty, in essence refer to the function of the torso and the function of the legs respectively. In tango, the torso is in relative rest in the embrace, but the movements of the legs are brisk and colorful. If the torso is associated with feelings, then the legs are the representatives of beauty. A good tango is a perfect combination of the two. Formalist dancers concern only about the look and ignore the feelings, and they use the torso as but another limb to create movements under the command of the arms and hands. However, pursuing visual impression at the expense of the intimacy and comfort of the embrace is not worth the candle. Throughout its history, from tango milonguero, to tango Villa Urquiza, to tango fantasia, to tango Nuevo, the alienation of tango clearly follows an aesthetic path farther and farther away from the embrace and feelings. (See The Styles of Tango.) I do not think that direction is worth advocating. I believe the juxtaposition of the comfort of the embrace and the beauty of the footwork is totally possible. It does not have to sacrifice the embrace in order to pursue beauty. Many beautiful tangos danced by outstanding tango dancers, such as the Poema danced by Geraldine Rojas and Javier Rodrigues, and many tangos danced by Noelia Hurtado and Carlotos Espinoza, are classic examples.





These dancers can achieve such degree of excellence because they are adept in using the hips, which are like the swivel that joins the upper body and the lower body. Because the torsos of the dancers are connected in the embrace, they need to swivel their hips in order to move their legs around each other. In tango terms this is called dissociation. (See Dissociation and Gear Effect.) Educated tango dancers can dissociate their upper body and lower body to a greater degree, so they can step freely around each other without breaking the embrace. Dissociation is not only a physical separation, but also an artistic division of labor, enabling the upper body to remain in the comfort of the embrace, while allowing the lower body to maximize its creativity.

In comparison, the bodies of the novices are not flexible enough to be dissociated freely, so, instead of using the torso to lead or follow, inexperienced guys often lead with the hands, and gals tend to turn the whole body instead of swiveling the hips, and they grip each other with the hands to support the movement of the body, causing the rupture of the embrace and awkwardness of the movement. You may call it by the fine-sounding name of "open embrace", but its real reason is the inability to maintain the embrace in dancing, thus resorting to an easy substitute. But cheating has a price to pay, as it can only fool others, not yourself and your partner. The professionals use open embrace on stage to perform for an audience, not for their own comfort and pleasure. They pay this price for their job. As soon as they go to a milonga, they switch to dancing in close embrace. (See Social Tango and Performance Tango.) Novices who envy their glamour on stage, blindly imitate them in the milonga without even can embrace well. Such crude imitation only makes them look foolish.

To sum up: When dancing tango, the head and the arms and hands should be completely relaxed and not interfere with the movements of the body. The function of the torso is to communicate the intentions and feelings and bring on the actions of the lower body via an intimate and comfortable embrace. Tango's beautiful steps are the function of the legs. The key to maintain a comfortable embrace and simultaneously maximize the beauty of the footwork lies in the swivel of the hips. Learning tango is not primarily learning steps, but learning to control, coordinate and properly use the functions of various parts of the body. Focusing on the steps and ignoring the embrace and feelings is the primary course of the misuse of the body parts in tango. (See The Thirteenth Pitfall of a Tanguera.)

The Thirteenth Pitfall of a Tanguera

Fish is the primary ingredient of a fish dish. Other ingredients, such as garlic and onion, are dispensable. Short of the latter, fish is still fish. But without the former, the dish would be unworthy of the title. So is tango, which is made of many elements. Among them some decides the basic characteristics of tango, without which the dance cannot make itself; others are less essential, causing no harm if they are a bit less or more. We often see tangueras made their dance neither fish nor fowl, because in it the subsidiaries superseded the primary.

So, what is the primary ingredient of tango? Beginners tend to think that's the steps, but they are wrong. Steps, like garlic and onion, are subsidiary. The key element of tango is the embrace, which decides the features of the dance. By embrace I do not mean "open embrace". Tango as the dance of love is evolved from the real embrace. When two lovers embrace each other, they lean intimately into each other, chest against chest, cheek touches cheek, and arms encircle and hold each other tightly. They do not make a fake hugging gesture without actually touching each other's body. A pretended embrace may look like a real embrace, but those involved know the difference. Stage dancers use pretended embrace in order to do fancy steps to entertain the audience. But social dancers do not tango for that. They tango to enjoy the intimacy and affinity with each other, which is why they use the real embrace. This is the fundamental difference between tango and all show dances, including the stage tango. (See Social Tango and Performance Tango.)

Other dissimilarities are the consequences of this fundamental difference. For example, unlike other dances in which the dancers use the arms and hands to lead and follow, in tango communications are carried out through the torso. Although the arms and hands can transmit intentions, they are not as direct and effective as the torso. Dancers can achieve better understanding and synchronization by using their torsos to lead and follow. Intimate bodily contact is not only comfortable, but also susceptible, effective in exchanging feelings, resulting in a deeper understanding and agreement between the partners. The distinct features of the tango steps are associate with the embrace also. Because the torsos of the partners are connected in the embrace, the woman has to turn her lower body sideways in order to dance around the man. This technique, known as dissociation, is the basis of most tango steps, making the dance particularly capable of displaying the feminine beauty of the woman. (See Dissociation and Gear Effect.) The intimate embrace also attaches importance to the feelings, causing tango to be a sentimental and feeling-oriented dance. (See The Conceptional Beauty of Tango.) Although formalist dancers have made unremitting efforts to exploit the visual impression of tango, the style that they have created cannot satisfy the needs deeply rooted in the human nature for intimacy, love, connection and the communication of feelings. These needs can only be met through real embrace.

A young woman wrote about the importance of the embrace in tango this way: "From the perspective of a girl, I think tango has two layers. The first layer is the core layer, which is maintaining a comfortable embrace with the partner in the dance and letting him feel your absolute obedience and sufficient control of yourself. If you can do that, you will be able to survive the milonga even if you only can dance ballroom. The second layer is external, to pursue the aesthetics or the visual beauty like other dances such as ballet, with similar artistic requirements. To put it in another way, ignoring the first layer and focusing only on the second layer is not tango. In most cases, if you can integrate some second layer techniques into a solid first layer foundation, your tango will be quite stunning already."

I appreciate this young woman's insight. She understood the essence of tango. As a result, tango becomes a simple and easy dance to her. Although one cannot dance tango without doing the steps, the essence of the dance lies in the embrace. The dancers must not compromise the embrace for the sake of the steps. Rather, they should concentrate on keeping the embrace intimate and comfortable at all time, and use the steps to facilitate the embrace, thus put the embrace and the steps in a correct order. (See The Functions of Various Body Parts in Tango.)

Unfortunately, many women do just the opposite. They focus on the steps and ignore the embrace. Some women think it's inappropriate to be intimate with a man. In order not to let her body touch his body, the woman may lean backward, or push him away with her hands, or prop her head against his head, or use her shoulder against his shoulder to prevent her breasts from touching his body, resulting in an embrace that is awkward and uncomfortable. Such demeanors are often associated with the idea that women need to keep a distance from men, or with shyness and the worry of giving men ideas, or self-centeredness, focusing only on her own performance, or the aesthetic tendency regarding tango only as fancy steps, etc. In short, such women have not yet understood the essence of tango.

I believe the problems that tango faces in non-tango cultures are mainly ideological. But ideologies and techniques are linked. Different ideologies could lead to different techniques. For example, in Europe and North America, many women prefer to dance tango in an open dance hold in which their body is not connected to the man's body. Instead of swiveling her hips like she must in a close embrace, the woman in an open dance hold tend to turn her whole body, which is easier to do than rotating her hips. Consequently, her dance is short of a tango feel. Even when dancing in a social setting, women accustomed to open dance hold often break the embrace and switch to open or semi-open position, because they don't know how to maintain the embrace when they are in action. I am not talking about professionals adept in social tango and can apply the right techniques in performance. Novices without proper training, on the other hand, tend to do whatever is easier. That's why I believe learning tango should start from the close embrace style. A beginner should not start from the open embrace style associated with performance until she has laid the foundation. Otherwise, the bad habits that are gained may not be easy to overcome. I know tangueras who have danced for many years, but their embrace is still uncomfortable, easily turning stiff in the action. Such tangueras are like a flower vase, looking good only from a distance, but cannot be held in the arms. In another post, Women's Common Mistakes in Tango, I listed twelve pitfalls of tango women, which are closely related to the subject of this writing. The embrace, however, is an even bigger issue, deserving a separate chapter, hence the title.

The Chivalry of the Milongueros

One hundred years ago when immigration was at its peak, the gender ratio in Argentina was five men to one woman. In other words, fifty men would compete to dance with ten women in a typical milonga. Sexual hunger caused by such gender imbalance is beyond our imagination. Most men today, with their haughty attitude, would have little chance to find a partner then. The situation was so unfavorable to men that they did not even have the guts to invite women. They would only spy at a distance and wait for women to nod at them, only then dared they venture to dance with the goddesses. This was the origin of cabeceo. (See Women's Role in Cabeceo.) Before a man was able to dance with a woman for the first time, he had to spend years to practice with other guys and did not dare to try for real until he had completely grasped the craft. He would be extremely careful with the woman in the dance also, fearing to lose the favor of the goddess had she felt slightest discomfort. Men's cherish and respect for women has since become a notable feature of the tango culture in Argentina.

In such a gender ratio, the privilege of dancing with a woman was granted only to men capable of making her completely satisfied. Therefore, self-centered peacocks had little chance to compete with those who mastered a comfortable embrace, exquisite musicality and the ability to accommodate, pamper and protect women. Laymen may think of milongueros as some goof-offs. (See Tango and the Outlook on Life.) But if you believe that surrounded by a battalion of admirers the goddess would pick a mediocrity, or that she would be fooled by fanfares, you certainly underestimated the goddess. Even today, women cast their eyes only on the best. They don't want men who are sloppy, who feel insecure, who do not have a comfortable embrace, whose musicality is less perfect, who use the arms and hands to lead, who can't do cabeceo, who don't know the codes, and who is short in manner, not to mention in those days. Therefore, the milongueros are thoroughly steeled tango elites with great knowledge and skills on the dance, music, codes, culture, lunfardo, and the ways of the milonga world. Like the knights in the medieval Europe who were gallant, honorable, generous, kind and respectful to women, and like the samurais in feudal Japan who were loyal, courageous, simple in living, and preferring death to dishonor, the Argentine milongueros are a group of sophisticated technicians who follow certain principles in life. For them, tango is their religion and milonga codes are not only guild regulations but life principles as well. One may say that, though without the title of nobility, the Argentine milongueros are a comparable class to European knights, Japanese samurais and Chinese literati. Their doctrine is the chivalry, bushido and Confucian orthodoxy of Argentina.

Today, times have changed. The gender ratio in the milongas becomes one man to one point five women. In addition, women are instigated to compete with men for supremacy, and the chivalry of the milongueros is criticized by the feminists. (See Tango and Gender Equality.) As a result, men do not cherish and respect women to the degree they used to. Even a beginner who can't walk stably now dares to oblige a woman to dance and use her as a foil to his self-centered exhibition, totally disregarding manners. One has to reckon this a failure of feminism. Feminists thought that the two sexes would be equal if women were strong as men, little did they realize that once women lose their femininity, they are no longer the goddesses in men's eyes.

Dancers of the contemporary age need to review the history and reflect on their demeanors. (See Tango: Historical and Cultural Impacts.) For the sake of tango women cannot lose femininity and men cannot lose their love for women. Gender roles are crucial in keeping the two sexes in harmony. (See The Gender Expression in Tango.) Interfering with nature will have serious consequences. (See Tango and the Relationship of the Opposite Sexes.) I wish men will always cherish women the way they did when there were five men to each woman. I wish women never cease to be feminine and quit to play the masculine role. Tango was created to be a bridge connecting and uniting the two sexes. I hope it will remain that way.

Cadencia and the Flow of Tango

Experienced dancers know that the body produces continuous lilts or cadences due to the alternate weight change from one foot to the other, which can be enhanced by increasing the motion of the body. When the dancers swing together in rhythm to the music, it feels like a baby in the cradle being comfortably swayed, or fish in the water being gently surged by the wave, which is a cozy feeling especially for the woman, as she is the one nestling in his arms and enjoying the ride. (See Driving and Synchronization.)

The swing usually alternates in directions. The man swings the woman's torso, causing her free leg to swing along. As that leg lands, he goes on to swing her torso in the opposite direction, resulting in her other leg to swing reversely. This is how ocho is danced. However, the woman could take advantage of the inertia by swiveling her hips as her weight is sifting to the landing foot to let her other leg swing in roughly the same direction. This is how molinete is danced. The technique used in ocho and molinete are essentially the same - a combination of dissociation and cadencia. (See Dissociation and Gear Effect and Cadencia.) Tango teachers usually do not emphasize the swing of the body when they teach ocho and molinete. But, if cadencia is blended in, it will not only make the movement more elegant, outlining the beauty of her flexible body, but also produce a lilting feeling, making the dance more enjoyable.

To generate the cadence or swing, there must be some speed in the horizontal direction. If you stay at the same spot doing steps without a horizontal motion, it would be difficult to generate the swing. That is why experienced dancers like to dance in the flow. When the floor is full of experienced dancers, you will see the flow of people moving counterclockwise like the waves surging forward in accordance with the rhythm of the music, and the speed of the flow is quite fast. But if there are too many novices on the floor, then the speed of the flow is slowed down. Sometimes it even becomes like a pool of stagnant water.

Novices who have no sense of flow often remain at the same spot doing steps, disregarding the people behind waiting for them to move. (See Spot Dancing in Tango.) In an empty room that may cause no problem, but on a crowded floor it is too senseless. Mark Word calls such people "rocks in the stream". You drive to work in the morning and suddenly there is a slow car blocking your way, that is the same kind of feeling. People dancing on a crowded dance floor must not be such "rocks in the stream". I'm not saying that you cannot slow down, pause for a moment, and then move on. Veteran dancers dance in slow motion as well. But they do so only when the music tells everyone to slow down, or when there is enough space. If the people behind are approaching, then you need to move forward to avoid causing obstruction to traffic. This is the code, which everyone dancing on a crowded dance floor must follow.

The Characteristics of Classic Tango

Dancing tango is not just stepping on the beats of whatever songs played - that perhaps is how disco is danced, but not tango. Dancing tango is dancing the feelings of the music. This dance, created by early immigrants to Argentina, contains the homesickness and nostalgia of its creators and reflects their thirst for love and longing for a better life. (See Tango: The Historical and Cultural Impacts.) Good tango music is very sentimental. This is a notable feature of classic tango. Modern rock bands with electronically amplified instruments might be able to create a more majestic sound, but they could not replicate the lingering sentiment of the classic tango. This is not only because electronic instruments are short on expressing the mood of tango, but also because the contemporary rockers lack the experience of the early European immigrants. Classic tango is a product of that particular era. The environment of its mass production has ceased to exist in modern times. But, the human feelings expressed in classic tango, I believe, are universal and ageless, which people of the contemporary age, especially those struggling at the bottom of the society, can still understand and resonate. (See Why People Dance Tango.) When dancing tango, one should not just dance the steps and ignore the feelings of the music, because only by understanding and resonating with them can one dance tango well.

The feelings expressed in tango are those of  men and women in real life. These opposite moods coexist in tango. Good tango music has a lucid rhythm that is easy to dance to, but its melody is soft, beautiful, moody, and deeply sentimental. Each note or phrase expresses the masculinity, strength, resolution and firmness of men, or femininity, softness, affection and obedience of women. The two opposite moods intertwine and respond to each other, reflecting the man and woman in the dance. The juxtaposition of opposite moods complementing each other is a notable feature of classic tango, which is heterosexual rather than homosexual in nature. Dancing tango is like having a conversation between the two sexes. One is like the bandoneon, the other the violin. One is the passion of the drums, the other the beauty of the melody. One is philosophy, the other poem... When dancing tango, you have to imagine that you are playing the music with your body. The man and the woman are different instruments, each with its unique sound, expressing different emotions. Both are indispensable and irreplaceable. They must complement each other and collaborate harmoniously in order to create a beautiful tango. (See Masculinity & Femininity in Tango and Other Music.)

Those who deny gender roles do not know what they are doing. (See The Gender Roles in Tango.) The so-called new tango or alternative music promoted by them often lack an opposite theme. (See The Signature of Tango.) It is either too soft, without a clear rhythm, or too monotonous, lacking of rhythmic diversity. In contrast, classic tango is created in line with the characteristics of the dance. Unlike mush soft-music or monotonous march, classic tango not only has a recognizable rhythm, but also is rich in syncopation, and so is very danceable. Syncopation means changing the location of an accented beat by emphasizing an unaccented beat, or beginning a tone on an unaccented beat and continue it through the next accented beat. Syncopation modifies the original rhythm, making the music more interesting and challenging, adaptable to a rich variety of footwork to express complicated emotions. This feature of the classic tango, however, may cause a difficulty for a beginner to grasp its rhythm. As a result, some people prefer the monotonous alternative music instead. The taste of the beginners will gradually improve with the advance of their education and training. Tango dancers need to study tango music, understand its sentiment and be familiar with its melody, rhythm, syncopation, tempo, extension and pause, etc., in order to dance tango well.

Most classical tango music has a vocal part, which usually is not throughout, but appears only in certain parts of the song, as if it is an instrument collaborating with the other instruments. The lyrics are commonly written in lunfardo, the old street slang of the lower classes in Buenos Aires, expressing nostalgia, homesickness and the pain of lost love. These are the songs of the immigrants. Only old milongueros and a small number of portenos today can fully understand them. Those who do not understand the lyrics may not always feel easy to grasp the syncopated and extended syllables, thus could have a difficulty to follow them. But these beautiful lyrics express deep and delicate feelings, and so are favored by the Argentinians, especially the molongueros. Many of them can sing the lyrics and dance to them with facility. Which is one of the reasons that the Argentine milongueros perceive their dance quite differently from the foreigners. Not understanding the lyrics is an unfavorable factor of the foreigners, but it is not an insurmountable obstacle. The dancer's education may complement his/her inadequacy in language, because as long as one is willing to listen, the emotions of the song can be perceived through the melody, tempo, rhythm and mood of the music. Of course, learning the language can help to better understand the feelings of the song. By the way, some foreigners understood neither the culture nor the language of tango, but they thought they knew tango better than the milongueros, which to me is ridiculous. (See Tango and Gender Equality.)

The Affinity and Harmony between Partners

Tango only happens when the two partners are immersed in the music and find the connection between them. There cannot be tango between two beginners who do not listen to music, focus only on the steps and themselves, are physically detached, emotionally disconnected and unable to communicate their feelings. (See Tango Is a Feeling.) They dance like two individuals disagreeing and bickering with each other. In contrast, mature dancers are mutually committed, emotionally connected, and are able to communicate what they feel. They surrender to the music, which stirs up their emotions, enables them to identify with each other's feelings, and allows them to find the connections between them. As a result, they dance like two soulmates in perfect understanding and agreement. This agreement is what makes tango intoxicating.

What we look for in tango is the affinity and harmony between the partners. A good tango partner does not need to be good-looking, but he/she must be a good match to you so that dancing with him/her makes you feel the chemistry. In real life people tend to be attracted to superficial things like appearance, status and possessions. But such external things are irrelevant in tango. What is relevant is a dancer's inner quality. When being asked who his ideal partner is, Carlos Gavito answered, "My ideal does not have a face. She's a dream of something I want in real life, but that ideal does not have a face." (See Tango Is a Shared Moment.) In other words, what's important is the dancer's intrinsic attributes: her femininity, softness, lightness, obedience, affection, adaptability and agreeableness; his masculinity, strength, dependability, protection, thoughtfulness, finesse and musicality; and the connection and harmony between the two. Those who pursue the vanity and ignore the essence cannot find tango, just like they cannot find love. People often compare tango to love because the two share a common theme. (See A Dance that Teaches People to Love.) They both involve a relationship between a man and a woman in which the two sexes play different roles but complement each other. They both aim at achieving harmony through understanding, submission, devotion, accommodation and cooperation. A reader, after read my post The Gender Roles in Tango, remarked, "These seem to be applicable to real life as well." Indeed, the concept of tango has a universal value. It reveals the way to achieve inter-gender, interpersonal and social harmony. (See The Lessons of Tango.)

Beginners need to change their focus from on what is external to what is internal. I do not mean that you should not learn steps. But when you learn them, your attention should be placed on being one with your partner rather than executing the steps. If you only focus on doing the steps, it is easy to forget about your partner, or even blame him/her for not doing so well and want to correct him/her, resulting in two partners uncoordinated. If you focus on being one with your partner, you will try to collaborate with him/her, or even be conceding enough to make him/her feel at home, so that the two may become one in the dance. Tango is like marriage. What makes it work is not pressing your partner to follow your will, but being cooperative and accommodating. Novice women often feel comfortable dancing with a milonguero, not because the novices know their stuff, but because the milonguero knows how to accommodate them. Surrendering, adapting to, and being one with your partner, therefore, are more important than doing the steps. (See Tango Is a Relationship.)

Tango Is the Search of a Dream

Tango reflects and expresses the dream, longing and hope of its creators - the early immigrants to Argentina. (See Tango: The Historical and Cultural Impacts.) A milonga is a utopia where brotherly love, fellowship, intimacy, kindness and equality triumph over prejudice, hatred, conflict, power struggle and injuries, where masculinity and femininity still attract, comfort, compliment and bring out the best in each other, and where peace and harmony are still achieved through submission, cooperation, accommodation and compromise. It is an oasis in which one can enjoy a temporary relief from the confrontation, competition, animosity and self-interests of the modern-day living.

Those who regard modernization as a progress overlooked its down side. It also is a dehumanizing process that leads mankind farther and farther away from nature and humanity. Modern science and technology have empowered the individual and made him/her increasingly self-sufficient, independent, egocentric, arrogant and aggressive. It diminished the natural bond that united people, shifted our attention from on the common survival to self-gains, and deprived us from the connection and cooperation that we used to share. The fraternity, attachments, interdependence and mutual care among people have faded away, family has disintegrated, the common values and common cause have been lost, the environment has suffered irreversible damage, natural resources have depleted, the society has been polarized and demoralized. Individualism, feminism, homosexualism, divorce, same-sex marriage, single-parent family, materialism, competition, stress, psychological imbalance, violence, cruelty, corruption and crime have grown in intensity. In short, humanity has been replaced by modernity. (See Tango and Individualism.)

The popularity of tango in the contemporary world is a profound phenomenon. We dream of a society that is equal, fair, friendly, cooperative, orderly and harmonious, like a well-organized milonga, not one that is driven by self-interests and imbued with competition, hostility, injury, stress, madness and polarization. Is modernity at the cost of humanity and environment worth pursuing? A blogger wrote, "The world is like water and mankind is like ink. What men do to the world is like what the ink does to the water. With the passage of time, the ink only makes the water muddier, not clearer. Comparing to the postmodern world of today, the past is simpler, purer, hence better." A woman wrote, "In modern-day life, we are centered around our work, which demands aggression. But if we keep being aggressive in our marriage, constantly fighting for self-interests and pushing our partner to make concessions until he gives up, then such marriage can only create an unhappy person." A Facebook friend wrote, "How many American businessmen lie in a hospital bed, after their heart attack, before they look around and ask themselves, 'How did I end up spending my life this way... working too many hours... the love of my life is a stranger, if we haven't divorced... I missed my children growing up because I worked too much... I spent my lifetime, not with my friends, but pursuing financial security... and in the end, I ended up here?'" Indeed, modern life is like a fatal attraction that causes us to lose the essence of being human. What happened to our intelligence and sanity? Why couldn't we create a world for ourselves that makes more sense? (See The World Needs a Different Philosophy.)

I believe this universal reflection on modern living and the nature of being human, this yearning for a balanced life and a harmonious society, is not irrelevant to the revival of tango today. One hundred years ago, immigrants far away from home created this dance in which they placed their dream, a dance full of human spirit and beauty, a dance that highlights human interdependence, connection, cooperation, complement and harmony. I believe tangueros and tangueras today are searching for the same dream. People who have had the fortune to get involved in tango must take the responsibility to preserve this sanctuary for the mankind. We not only need to teach others how to dance tango, but also need to teach them its ideas, because without these ideas tango could be dehumanized and assimilated by the world as well. (See The Freedom in Tango.)

The Conceptional Beauty of Tango

Form and content are an important proposition in tango. Tango is created out of a human need. (See Why People Dance Tango.) From that need comes beauty, which then results in a tendency to deviate from the need and only pursue beauty, hence the alienation of tango. The admiration for beauty is not an unjustifiable one, without which there would not be art. But, in the pursuit of art it is easy to forget that in the end the form cannot stand alone and must serve the content. A watch that cannot run properly is not a good watch, though it may look exquisite. A selfish woman is not a good wife, though she may look beautiful. It is same with tango. You may invent fancy steps, but without the essence of tango it is not a good tango.

People new to tango tend to focus on the look and ignore the feelings, just like young people who are not worldly-wise tend to use external standards to measure success. Warren Buffett said, "The truth is, when you come to my age you will understand, success is measured by how many people really care about you and love you. Money doesn't make people rich. What makes us rich is love." You may be attracted to someone's look, but in the end you only want to be with a person who cares about you, knowing that the inner quality is more important than the look.

Marie Curie said, "If you are not beautiful at seventeen, you may blame your parents for not giving you a pretty face. But if at thirty you still are not beautiful, then you only have yourself to blame, because in that long period of time you haven't added anything new into yourself." In other words, what is truly attractive is one's inner beauty. A dancer who focuses only on the look and ignores the essence of tango is like a parvenus, who may live in a big mansion and drive luxury cars, but at heart he is still a poor man. What makes one noble is not his possessions, but upbringing. Formalist dancers and extravagant upstarts are birds of a feather. Arts that stand the test of time, whether painting, music or dance, are those with inherent depth of humanity rather than just aestheticism. Mother Teresa once eloquently said: "Hunger does not only mean the need of food, but also the need of love. Cold does not only mean the want of clothing, but also the want of human dignity. Homelessness does not only mean without a home, but also the rejection and abandonment by the society." What tango quenches is the thirst of the soul. It is not only beautiful in its form, but more so in its content, depth and humanity.

This kind of inner beauty is invisible. It exists in human minds, emotions, characters, relationships and imaginations. (See Tango Is a Relationship.) In the eye of a lover, his beloved is a beauty. What seems plain at the first sight may become attractive with time. Some people are beautiful because of their intelligence, others because of their charisma. Certain beauty can only be perceived with the heart and not the eye, such as poem, music, love, kindness, comfort, and harmony. A tango can stir up different feelings, as what people hear may not be the song, but their own emotions. Everything seems bright when the heart is shiny, and gloomy when the heart is clouded. The past is more splendid in the memory than it was in reality, and so is the future in the vision. All these suggest that beauty is not only a form, but also a subjective feeling.

Ultimate beauty is conceptional. It transcends the visual boundaries and allows the emotion to fly in the realm of imagination. Unlike painting, sculpture and ballet, tango is not primarily a visual art, but an art of perception and feeling. In tango you can close your eyes and follow the instinct and intuition. (See Tango Is a Feeling.) You do not see the actions of your partner, only feel his/her body, embrace, touch and movements, and through which his/her emotions. His masculinity, strength, dependability, support, protection and finesse, her femininity, softness, obedience, affection, seduction and tacit agreement, all are but feelings. Even his/her musicality, mood, and quality of movement are conceived through the sense. Tango provides plenty room for feelings and imaginations. Dancing tango is like attending a banquet of emotions. Its beauty is largely conceptional.

It is regretful that the formalist dancers focus only on the external and ignore the internal. What makes tango uniquely fascinating and different from other dances is its inward, human, emotional, and conceptional beauty. Tango has great potentials in this respect. Exploring its inner beauty so that tango may become an even richer emotional feast is a worthy goal. Although it is natural for beginners to focus on the external, as comprehension proceeds from the outside to the inside and from the shallow to the deep, and with time and experience they may gradually understand the essence of tango, my wish is that people can shorten the process so that when they come to the age of Warren Buffett, Marie Curie and Mother Teresa they would not regret for what they have missed out in their pursuit of vanity. Isn't that often the case beyond tango? (See The Four Stages of Your Tango Journey.)