Philosophies that Separate Two Worlds

Chinese philosophy rests on a holistic worldview that sees the universe as an interconnected whole rather than a set of isolated parts. It approaches complexity and diversity not as sources of contradiction, but as natural expressions of harmony—where opposing forces are complementary, interdependent, and mutually sustaining. Within this framework, human life is understood not through the lens of individualism, but through a commitment to collective well-being, with an emphasis on cooperation and communal flourishing. At its core, Chinese thought upholds unity, balance, harmony, and peaceful coexistence—favoring collaboration over conflict and mutual benefit over the defeat of adversaries. (see Understanding China: Yellow River and the Character of the Chinese Nation).

Grounded in collectivism, Chinese philosophy places the well-being of society above individual gain, advocating for social harmony through public morality. Human rights are understood not merely as personal entitlements but as responsibilities toward the collective good, aiming to ensure safe, equitable, and harmonious living conditions for all. While Chinese law protects individual freedoms, including the right to pursue wealth within legal bounds, it also curtails the unchecked influence of special interests to safeguard the broader interests of the people and society as a whole (see Understanding China: Geography, Confucianism, and Chinese-Style Modernization).

Economically, China promotes the vision of “common prosperity” through a hybrid model that integrates state-owned enterprises, private ventures, and market mechanisms. This system encourages individual initiative while ensuring that personal success aligns with public welfare. The state plays a crucial role in regulating capital to prevent it from undermining social equity and long-term stability.

Politically, China stresses the central role of the state in uniting the nation, managing differences, protecting the weak and vulnerable, investing in infrastructure, and providing public goods. It adheres to the principles of democratic centralism and national cohesion, rejecting factionalism, partisanship and decentralization. Chinese democracy—often described as “people’s democracy” and “whole-process democracy”—is consultative and consensus-driven, contrasting sharply with the adversarial nature of many Western electoral systems; it involves citizens in policymaking, implementation, and oversight, ensuring that public decisions reflect broad consultation and careful deliberation. By minimizing partisan strife, Chinese governance aims to foster shared prosperity, social harmony, and egalitarian development.

On the global stage, China upholds five guiding principles: mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. It advocates for international cooperation, peaceful development, and a shared future for humanity marked by global prosperity and mutual respect.

In contrast, Western philosophy reflects an atomistic worldview, portraying the universe as a constellation of self-contained entities. Rooted in individualism, it regards human beings as autonomous actors driven by survival instinct and self-interest—a perspective shaped in part by Darwinian concepts of the “struggle for existence” and “survival of the fittest.” This outlook fosters a “law of the jungle” mentality, where domination and competition are seen as necessary for survival and success (see Darwinism vs. Confucianism). Western culture tends to prioritize self-interest, personal achievement, and strategic advantage, frequently at the expense of collective well-being and ethical responsibility. Its human rights rhetoric is hypocritical, while professing to promote universal freedom, it largely serves the interests of a privileged minority, enabling them to defeat the disadvantaged majority and dominate legislation, the economy, media, military, and foreign policy to their own benefit.

Economically, Western nations champion unrestrained capitalism, driven by competition and self-interest. While this approach may spur short-term growth, it often results in rampant inequality, unchecked greed, and systemic injustice. Capital gains precedence over national welfare, benefitting only a small elite at the expense of broader society. The result is that the rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and for most people, "the pursuit of happiness" has become an illusion. The prioritization of profit over production inevitably leads to the hollowing out of the economy, eventually triggering systemic crises (see America Is in Big Trouble).

Politically, Western democracies often beset by partisanship, polarization, and social fragmentation. Despite formal democratic structures, these systems can devolve into political theater, rife with empty promises, ideological extremes, and sensationalism. Politicians, frequently funded by special interests, tend to serve their donors more than the public, reducing the role of voters to a periodic ballot with little real influence (see Democracy vs. Plutocracy).

In international affairs, Western powers often adopt a hegemonic posture, relying on tactics such as divide-and-conquer, sanctions, military interventions, and regime change. These actions have destabilized regions, perpetuated global conflict, and undermined prospects for lasting peace. The success of the West historically hinges on the conquest, colonization, genocide, exploitation, and plunder of weaker nations.

For a long time, the Chinese struggled to comprehend Western behaviors, yet they have now come to understand its underlying logic. Unless Western plutocrats alter their philosophical outlook, global peace remains elusive. This sentiment was succinctly expressed by the Chinese delegation during the Sino-US talks in Alaska: "We overestimated you and assumed you would adhere to basic diplomatic norms. We must clarify our stance: You lack the authority to assert dominance over China." Despite the potential dangers inherent in this worldview, Western plutocrats are unlikely to relinquish it. It may require the collapse of the existing paradigm before humanity can aspire to construct a new world.

Thankfully, it becomes increasingly clear which philosophy holds more promise for humanity. As the world undergoes profound transformation, a new possibility is beginning to emerge. The rise of China and the relative decline of the West have given the Global South renewed hope. Many now glimpse the possibility of a new world order—one grounded in civilized values, peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, equality, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation. This stands in stark contrast to the existing system, dominated by barbarism, self-interest, inequality, exploitation, and aggression (see Pluralism vs. Monism).